Overview
Nepal, a landlocked country in the Himalayas, is bordered by India and China. Its geography ranges from the tropical Terai plains in the south to the towering peaks of the Himalayas in the north, including Mount Everest. This diverse landscape shapes Nepal’s climate, culture, and economy.
In 2008, Nepal became a federal parliamentary republic, and the new constitution was adopted in 2015. While the political situation may shift, Nepal remains generally stable for travelers. The police are active in tourist areas, making it a relatively safe destination. However, stay cautious - watch your belongings, and avoid walking alone at night, especially for women travelers.
Nepal uses the Nepalese Rupee (NPR). You can exchange major currencies like USD and EUR at banks, licensed counters, and hotels in cities. However, exchange rates at airports may not be great. Stick to trusted exchange offices in areas like Thamel and Lakeside Pokhara. Visa fees are usually paid in USD, so make sure to carry cash. While ATMs are available in cities, they are unreliable in upper trekking regions. Always carry enough cash with you. Request a receipt when exchanging money in case you need to reconvert rupees before leaving.
Nepali culture is deeply influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. The official language is Nepali, but in tourist spots, English is commonly spoken. Respect the local customs by dressing modestly, especially at religious sites. Always remove your shoes before entering homes and temples, and walk around stupas and mani walls in a clockwise direction.
Nepal’s economy relies mainly on agriculture, with tourism and remittances from Nepali workers abroad playing important roles. Though still developing, tourist areas offer the services you need to enjoy your visit. The government is organized into federal, provincial, and local levels.
Nepal’s weather varies by region and season. The Terai plains experience hot, humid summers and mild winters. The Hilly region, including Kathmandu and Pokhara, enjoys moderate temperatures in spring and autumn, but winters can be chilly. The monsoon (June-August) brings heavy rain, making travel tricky across the country. Autumn (September-November) offers clear skies and is the best time for trekking.
In the upper trekking regions like Everest, Annapurna, and Manaslu, temperatures range from -10°C to 15°C during trekking seasons, but they can drop below freezing at night and even reach -20°C or colder in winter. Always check the weather for your specific region before you travel, as conditions can change quickly.
Before setting off on your journey, it’s essential to understand Nepal beyond just its landscapes and seasons. From cultural etiquette to practical travel tips, here’s what you need to know to make your visit smooth, respectful, and memorable.
Geography
Nepal’s landscape is a striking mix of towering peaks, rolling hills, and vast plains, stretching just 885 km from east to west. Despite its small size, it has three distinct geographical regions. The Terai, in the south, is a lowland belt of fertile plains and dense jungles. It is home to cities like Janakpur, Lumbini, and Chitwan, where travelers can explore religious sites or encounter wildlife. The climate is hot and humid, with heavy monsoon rains from June to September.
In the central hills, rolling green landscapes, deep valleys, and terraced farms dominate. This region houses Kathmandu and Pokhara, blending urban life with a rich culture and stunning scenery. The climate is moderate, making it ideal for travel, especially in spring and autumn.
To the north, the Himalayas rise dramatically, home to eight of the world’s fourteen tallest peaks, including Mount Everest. This high-altitude region offers thrilling treks and breathtaking mountain views. However, the air is thinner, the terrain is tougher, and acclimatization is crucial for those venturing higher. These three regions, though vastly different, together create Nepal’s incredible geographical diversity.
Political Scenario and Safety
Nepal is a federal democratic republic, having transitioned from a monarchy in 2008. Although political stability has improved over the years, occasional strikes (bandhs) and protests, mainly in urban areas, may disrupt transportation or daily life. While these demonstrations are typically peaceful, it’s best to stay informed and avoid any gatherings.
Nepal is generally a safe destination for travelers, with low crime rates. However, petty crimes such as pickpocketing or bag snatching may occur in crowded places, especially in popular tourist spots like Kathmandu and Pokhara. Keep your valuables secure and stay alert, particularly in busy markets or while using public transport.
Though trekking in remote areas offers great adventure, be cautious of potential safety risks. While the political situation is stable, rural areas may still experience occasional tensions. For your safety, always travel with a registered trekking guide, avoid political demonstrations, and stay updated on local news. In case of emergencies, the Tourist Police are available to help.
Tourist Police, Getting Help, and Scams
Nepal is generally a safe destination, but it’s always smart to stay alert and know where to seek help if needed. The Tourist Police are here to assist travelers and can be found in major tourist areas like Kathmandu, Pokhara, and popular trekking routes. You’ll come across Tourist Police booths, or you can contact them directly at their hotline, 1144. In case of emergencies, dial 100 for police, 102 for an ambulance, or 101 for fire services.
While Nepal is welcoming to visitors, keep an eye out for scams targeting tourists. Common tricks include high taxi fares, overpriced trekking services, and counterfeit offers from street vendors. Always agree on prices before accepting any service, and stick to official agencies for trekking permits and tours. If something feels off, trust your instincts and walk away.
Most Important Phone Numbers
While traveling in Nepal, having key phone numbers saved on your phone or written down is crucial. Having them handy will help you stay prepared for any emergencies and ensure a smooth trip.
Police (Emergency): 100
Tourist Police (Bhrikuti Mandap): 01-4247041 or 1144
Nepal Tourism Board: 01-4256909
Department of Immigration: 01-4529659
Ambulance Service: 102
In addition, always have the contact numbers for your country's embassy or consulate ready. These contacts could be crucial if you face any urgent situations.
Save these numbers in your phone or keep a written list with you. Being prepared and informed will help you have a safer and more enjoyable trip in Nepal.
Transportation and Access
Nepal offers a variety of transportation options for travelers. In cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara, taxis, buses, and rickshaws are common. Always agree on the fare before starting a taxi ride, as many don’t use meters. Rickshaws are perfect for short distances, but again, agree on the price in advance. For longer trips, public buses connect major cities, though they can be crowded and uncomfortable. For a more comfortable ride, tourist buses are available and offer services between popular destinations like Pokhara, Chitwan, and Lumbini.
If you’re heading to trekking regions, domestic flights are a quicker option to reach places like Lukla or Pokhara, though flights can be delayed due to weather conditions. For remote treks, you may need to rely on jeeps, horses, or even porters to get to your destination. Traveling on foot is the main way to explore trekking routes, so ensure you're prepared for long walks in rugged terrain.
In rural areas, road conditions can be tough, with unpaved and rough paths, especially during the monsoon season. Be ready for bumpy rides and plan your trips accordingly. It’s always a good idea to choose local transportation services recommended by trusted agencies to ensure safety and reliability, especially when heading to more remote regions.
Currency and Exchange
Nepal’s official currency is the Nepalese rupee (NPR), which is written as Rs. Banknotes come in values of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000, while coins are less commonly used. US dollars, euros, and other major foreign currencies are widely accepted for exchange, but Indian rupees above ₹100 are not.
Currency exchange services are available at banks, licensed exchange counters, and major hotels in Kathmandu, Pokhara, and other tourist areas. Tribhuvan International Airport also has exchange facilities, though rates may not be the best. For convenience, exchange money in official money exchange offices found in Thamel, Lakeside Pokhara, and other traveler-friendly areas. Always ask for a receipt when exchanging money, as you may need it to convert unused rupees back when leaving Nepal.
Be cautious of unlicensed money changers offering better rates, as they may engage in fraud. ATMs are widely available in cities and accept major international cards, but withdrawal limits and fees vary. When carrying cash, bring smaller bills, as higher-value notes can be hard to break in rural areas. Always count your money carefully and avoid exchanging at unknown or suspicious locations.
Attitudes of Nepalese People and Treatment Towards Travelers
Nepalese people are known for their warmth, hospitality, and deep respect for guests. Travelers are often greeted with a friendly "Namaste." Locals appreciate it when visitors make an effort to learn basic Nepali phrases or show interest in their customs.
While interactions are generally polite and reserved, Nepalese hospitality shines, especially in rural areas, where guests may be invited for tea or a meal. Accepting such gestures with gratitude helps build meaningful connections and enriches the travel experience.
Visitors are treated with kindness, but respecting local traditions is key. Dressing modestly, following cultural etiquette at religious sites, and being mindful of personal space ensure positive interactions. Whether you're in the bustling streets of Kathmandu or the quiet villages of the Himalayas, embracing the local way of life will leave you with lasting friendships. You'll also gain a deeper appreciation of Nepal's culture.
Attitude Towards Women
In Nepal, women are generally respected and hold important roles in family and community life. In urban areas, women have more access to education and employment, but in rural areas, traditional gender roles still exist. Women are admired for their strength and resilience, and their contributions to society are valued.
While Nepalese men are typically polite and respectful toward women, travelers should be mindful of cultural differences. In rural areas, conservative values are stronger, and modest dress is essential. Public displays of affection are also not accepted.
Although progress has been made toward gender equality, challenges remain, particularly in traditional communities. Travelers should always approach women respectfully and avoid intrusive behavior. Understanding local customs helps ensure positive interactions and a deeper connection with Nepalese culture.
Traveling with a Child
Traveling with a child in Nepal is a rewarding experience, but it requires some preparation. Nepal's terrain and infrastructure can be challenging, so it’s important to plan your trip carefully. Most basic amenities are available in cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara, including child-friendly accommodations and restaurants. However, in rural areas, you may face difficulties such as limited medical facilities and uneven roads.
When traveling with a child, pack important items like medications, baby food, and sunscreen. If you plan to trek, choose shorter and easier trails that suit your child’s fitness level. Keep in mind that higher altitudes may affect children more, so make sure to give plenty of time for acclimatization.
Nepalese people are very friendly towards children and often go out of their way to help. However, be aware of cultural differences, especially in rural areas, where children may be expected to behave more formally in public. Respect local customs, keep your child hydrated, and ensure their comfort to make your trip enjoyable.
Nightclubs and Bars
Nepal’s nightlife is lively, especially in Kathmandu’s Thamel and Pokhara’s Lakeside. You’ll find bars, clubs, and live music venues catering to both locals and tourists. Most are safe and welcoming, offering a fun night out.
However, be wary of scam nightclubs that trick visitors with free entry but charge extreme prices for drinks. Some add hidden fees, and in rare cases, guests are forced to pay before leaving. To stay safe, always check prices first, avoid pushy staff, and stick to well-known places. If something feels off, walk away.
For a hassle-free night out, choose popular spots recommended by locals or travelers. Keep an eye on your belongings, drink responsibly, and avoid arguments. If you need help, contact the Tourist Police (1144) or ask your hotel for help.
Weather and Seasonal Changes Across the Country
Nepal’s weather varies across three main regions: Terai, Hilly, and Himalayan.
The Terai region (southern plains) has a hot and humid climate. Summers reach 35–40°C, while winters are mild, ranging from 5–15°C. Monsoons bring heavy rainfall, making travel difficult in some areas.
The Hilly region, including Kathmandu and Pokhara, has a moderate climate. Summers stay between 20–30°C, while winters drop to 2–10°C. Rainfall is common in the monsoon, but spring and autumn offer pleasant weather with clear skies.
The Himalayan region is much colder, with temperatures depending on altitude. Even in summer, higher elevations stay cool, while winters are harsh with subzero temperatures.
In major trekking areas:
Everest Base Camp: -10 to 10°C in autumn and spring, but drops to -20°C or lower in winter.
Annapurna Circuit: Ranges from -5 to 15°C, depending on altitude. The Thorong La Pass can be -15°C or colder in winter.
Manaslu Region: Similar to Annapurna, with temperatures around -5 to 12°C in trekking seasons but much colder in winter.
Trekking conditions vary, so pack wisely and check weather updates before your trip.
Food, Water, and Hygiene
Nepal offers a variety of delicious local dishes, with dal bhat (lentil soup with rice and vegetables) being the staple. Other popular foods include momos (dumplings), thukpa (noodle soup), and Newari specialties. In cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara, you’ll find international cuisine, while rural areas mostly serve traditional meals.
Tap water in Nepal is not safe to drink. Always use bottled, boiled, or filtered water. Many travelers carry water purification tablets or portable filters, especially for trekking. Be cautious with raw foods like salads and unpeeled fruits, as they may have been washed in untreated water.
Restrooms are mostly available in restaurants and cafés, making them the best places to use facilities while exploring. Public restrooms exist in some areas but may lack cleanliness, running water, or toilet paper. Carry hand sanitizer and tissues, as hygiene standards can vary.
Electricity and Internet
Nepal uses 230V electricity with a 50Hz frequency. Power outlets usually take Type C, D, and M plugs, so check if you need an adapter for your devices. While cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara have a stable power supply, power cuts (load shedding) can still happen, especially in rural areas. Many hotels and restaurants have backup generators, but it’s wise to carry a power bank for charging devices.
Internet access is widely available in urban areas, with Wi-Fi in hotels, cafés, and restaurants. Mobile data is a good alternative, with Ncell and Nepal Telecom (NTC) offering SIM cards with affordable data plans.
However, in trekking regions like Everest, Annapurna, and Manaslu, connectivity can be limited, and Wi-Fi is often slow and expensive. If you need a reliable connection, consider purchasing a data package with extended coverage before heading into remote areas.
Altitude Sickness and Health Precautions
Altitude sickness is a real risk when trekking in Nepal’s high-altitude regions like Everest, Annapurna, Manaslu, and Langtang. It happens when you ascend too quickly, leading to headaches, dizziness, nausea, and shortness of breath. To prevent it, ascend gradually, take rest days, stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol. If symptoms worsen, descend immediately.
Additionally, carry a basic medical kit with altitude sickness medication, pain relievers, and first-aid supplies. Drink bottled or purified water to avoid stomach issues, and be cautious with street food. Insects can spread diseases in lower regions, so use mosquito repellent. If trekking in remote areas, know the nearest health post or evacuation options. Staying healthy ensures a safe and enjoyable trip.
Trekking Permits and Entry Fees
Most trekking routes in Nepal require permits, which vary by region. Popular areas like Everest, Annapurna, Langtang, and Manaslu have specific entry fees, and restricted regions need special permits. The Trekkers’ Information Management System (TIMS) card is mandatory for many trails, while conservation areas and national parks require separate permits.
Costs depend on the trek and season. Permits can be obtained from the Nepal Tourism Board or registered trekking agencies. Always carry your permits, as checkpoints along the route will check them. Failing to get the right permits can lead to fines or denied entry, so plan ahead to avoid issues.
Public Holidays and Festival Impact on Travel
Nepal has many public holidays and festivals, some of which can significantly affect travel plans. Major festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Holi, and Indra Jatra bring celebrations across the country, but they also lead to busy transportation, business closures, and higher demand for hotels. During Dashain and Tihar, many locals travel to their hometowns, making buses and flights fully booked. Government offices, banks, and some shops may be closed on public holidays, so plan accordingly.
Festivals like Holi can be exciting for travelers, but streets get crowded, and some areas may become chaotic. If trekking during festival periods, expect fewer local services and potential delays in obtaining permits. Checking the festival calendar before your trip helps ensure smooth travel and allows you to experience Nepal’s vibrant culture without unexpected disruptions.